An in vitro comparison of the impact of jet nebulizer design on the aerosol characterization of commonly used asthma drugs Respironics Respiratory Drug Delivery, Cedar Grove, NJ, USA ♦ Find This Study ♦ The Study Depending upon design, jet nebulizers are typically classified as conventional (e.g. Salter 8900), active venturi (e.g. Sidestream®) or breath-enhanced (Pari LC Plus®). Design differences are likely to affect the characteristics of aerosol delivery. This study presents the results of an in vitro comparison of nebulizer classifications using three commonly used asthma medications. Three units of each of the nebulizer brands were randomly selected. An Inspiration Elite compressor was used throughout. Study drugs: albuterol (2.5 mg, 3 mL), ipratropium bromide (0.5 mg, 2.5 mL) and budesonide (0.5 mg, 2 mL). For determination of particle size (mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD)), respirable fraction (RD), and delivery rate (DR), the drug-filled nebulizers were connected to an In-Tox cascade impactor. Tests were run in triplicate and a spectrophotometer technique was used for drug characterization. The tests were conducted as per FDA guidance (Piper Medical Products, Carmichael, CA). ♦ The Results The results highlight the impact of nebulizer design on important aerosol drug characteristics when using standardized testing methodology. ♦ What’s New The study data documents high quality, efficient aerosolization by Respironics’ Sidestream as compared to the Pari LC+. For our customers, Sidestream delivers this high quality performance while simultaneously providing a value-priced alternative to the premium pricing of the LC+. Using FDA guidance test methodology, Sidestream’s performance is well-aligned to the LC+, while comfortably exceeding that of the low-end Salter 8900 handset. ♦ Bottom Line Sidestream’s unique, active-venturi, five jet-hole design, generates a high quality (a high percentage of respirable particles in the nebulizer output) aerosol that is superior to conventional and competitive with breath-enhanced designs. Mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD) MMAD (µm) albuterol ipratropium budesonide Sidestream 2.6 2.5 2.5 Salter 8900 Statistics: There are no statistically significant differences in the MMAD between the nebulizers for any of the three drugs. Respirable Fraction Respirable Fraction (%) albuterol ipratropium budesonide Sidestream 74.7 72.0 77.0 Salter 8900 Statistics: There are statistically significant nebulizer dependent differences in respirable fraction in percent of total drug delivery for albuterol and ipratropium (ANOVA, albuterol p=0.0076; ipratroprium p=0.0405), but not for budesonide. Delivery Rate Delivery Rate (µg/min) albuterol ipratropium budesonide Sidestream 170.4 44.7 46.6 LC+ 159.9 Salter 8900 Statistics: There are statistically significant nebulizer dependent differences in delivery rates for all three drugs (ANOVA, albuterol p=0.0083; ipratropium p=0.0457; budesonide p=0.0011).
ATTACHMENT: Profile of the Group A Recipient of 2011 C&C Prize Dr. Akira Yoshino 1970 Earned B.S. from Department of Petro-chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, 1972 Earned M.S. from Department of Petro-chemistry, Graduate School of 1982 Entered Kawasaki Laboratory, Asahi Kasei Corp. 1992 Became Manager, Product Development Group, Ion Battery Business 1994 Became Manager, Technical
Do Business and Political Ties Differ in Cultivating Marketing Channels for Foreign and Local Firms in China? Maggie Chuoyan Dong, Caroline Bingxin Li, and David K. Tse ABSTRACT Despite the prominence of social ties in emerging economies, it remains unclear whether and how social ties matterin cultivating marketing channels for both local and foreign firms in China. Moreover, few studies ha
An in vitro comparison of the impact of jet nebulizer design on the aerosol characterization